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Below are a few major topics for this chapter. Note: these are NOT the only topics you should know; you are expected to master everything discussed in this chapter.

• Hint DNA structure
• Hint Genomes, chromosomes, genes
• Hint Alleles, genotype and phenotype
• Hint Gene expression: transcription and translation
• Hint Transcription: producing RNA transcript from DNA
• Hint Translation: ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA
• Hint tRNA structure
• Hint Genetic code: codons on mRNA
• Hint Mutations: substitution, frame-shift