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Below are a few major topics for this chapter. Note: these are NOT the only topics you should know; you are expected to master everything discussed in this chapter.

• Hint Allele frequency change and evolution
• Hint Mechanism of evolution: mutation
• Hint mechanisms of evolution: genetic drift and fixation
• Hint Mechanism of evolution: migration
• Hint Mechanism of evolution: natural selection
• Hint Biogeography
• Hint Homologous structures: inherited from a common ancestor
• Hint Analogous structures: inherited from unrelated ancestors
• Hint Comparative embryology: gill pouches and tails
• Hint Molecular record